Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are systems that enable direct communication between the brain and an external device , bypassing traditional muscle-based pathways (like speech or movement). They translate brain activity into commands that can control computers, prosthetics, or other machines — and potentially enhance or restore neural functions . 🧠 What Are Brain-Computer Interfaces? BCIs detect brain signals (usually electrical or hemodynamic activity), process those signals using algorithms, and convert them into outputs such as: Moving a cursor Controlling a wheelchair or robotic arm Typing with thought alone Interfacing with smart devices Modulating brain activity for therapy ⚙️ Types of BCIs Type Description Invasiveness Invasive BCIs Implanted directly into brain tissue (e.g., for controlling prosthetics or treating epilepsy) High Partially Invasive Placed inside the skull but outside brain tissue (e.g., electrocorticography - ECoG) Medium Non-Invasive ...