Functional Programming (FP): A Paradigm for Cleaner, More Predictable Code Functional programming (FP) is a programming paradigm where computation is treated as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids changing state and mutable data. The goal is to write code that is declarative (what to do) rather than imperative (how to do it). FP emphasizes pure functions , immutability , and higher-order functions , making programs more predictable, easier to test, and parallelizable. Core Concepts of Functional Programming Pure Functions : A pure function is one that, given the same input, always produces the same output and has no side effects (like modifying external variables or changing the state of the system). Example: javascript Copy Edit // Pure function const add = ( a, b ) => a + b; // Always returns the same result for same inputs Immutability : Immutability means that once a variable is assigned a value, it cannot be changed. This avoids side ef...